Funding disclosure

Formal research outputs state their sources of funding. Where no external funding was received, the page says so explicitly. Equipment, data, software, travel, staff support and other in-kind contributions are included.

The publication states whether a funder participated in selecting the subject, designing the research, collecting or analysing data, reviewing the work or deciding to publish. Naming a funder alone does not describe its role.

Commissioned work identifies the commissioning body, the nature of the project and the material that may be made public. Confidentiality arrangements do not remove the basic information readers need to assess research independence.

Omitted or changed funding information is added under the editorial policy, with the change recorded as a new version.